First-line NSCLC – Compelling Activity Across All PD-L1 Subgroups In first-line non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients with high PD-L1 expression (TPS ≥50%), CS2009 monotherapy achieved an objective response rate (ORR) of 81.3% and a disease control rate (DCR) of 100.0%, with consistent benefit across squamous (ORR: 87.5%) and non‑squamous (ORR: 75.0%) histologies. In the PD-L1-negative/low  population (TPS ≤5%) squamous NSCLC cohort, CS2009 in combination with chemotherapy achieved an ORR of 75.0% and a DCR of 100.0%; notably, PD-L1-negative patients within this cohort achieved an ORR of 100.0%; the current efficacy readout remains immature due to the short follow‑up for most patients in this cohort.